An Assessment of Potential Mining Impacts on Salmon Ecosystems of Bristol Bay, Alaska (Final Report)
The Bristol Bay watershed in southwestern Alaska supports the largest sockeye salmon fishery in the world, is home to 25 federally recognized tribal governments, and contains large mineral resources. The potential for large-scale mining activities in the watershed has raised concerns about the impact of mining on the sustainability of Bristol Bay’s world-class commercial, recreational and subsistence fisheries and the future of Alaska Native tribes in the watershed who have maintained a salmon-based culture and subsistence-based way of life for at least 4,000 years. The purpose of this assessment is to provide a characterization of the biological and mineral resources of the Bristol Bay watershed, increase understanding of the potential impacts of large-scale mining on the region’s fish resources, and inform future government decisions related to protecting and maintaining the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the watershed. It will also serve as a technical resource for the public, tribes, and governments who must consider how best to address the challenges of mining and ecological protection in the Bristol Bay watershed.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) launched this assessment to better understand the Bristol Bay watershed and its resources. The assessment reviews, analyzes, and synthesizes information relevant to potential impacts of large-scale mine development on Bristol Bay fisheries and consequent effects on wildlife and Alaska Native cultures in the region. As a scientific assessment, it does not discuss or recommend policy, legal, or regulatory decisions, nor does it outline or analyze options for future decisions. EPA will use the assessment to inform future decision making.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) launched this assessment to better understand the Bristol Bay watershed and its resources. The assessment reviews, analyzes, and synthesizes information relevant to potential impacts of large-scale mine development on Bristol Bay fisheries and consequent effects on wildlife and Alaska Native cultures in the region. As a scientific assessment, it does not discuss or recommend policy, legal, or regulatory decisions, nor does it outline or analyze options for future decisions. EPA will use the assessment to inform future decision making.
Impact/Purpose
The purpose of this assessment is to understand how future large-scale mining may affect water quality and the Bristol Bay salmon fisheries, which includes the largest wild sockeye salmon fishery in the world. Bristol Bay, Alaska, is home to a salmon fishery that is of significant economic and subsistence value to the people of Alaska and that fishery depends on clean water and a healthy watershed to remain sustainable. The Pebble Limited Partnership and other mining interests are actively exploring large-scale porphyry copper (i.e., gold, copper, molybdenum) mining in the headwaters of two drainage basins in Bristol Bay that provide key habitat for salmon. The analysis will be strengthened by scientific peer review, tribal consultation, federal and state agency participation, as well as public and industry input. EPA will accept and consider public input during development of the watershed assessment and will continue to work closely with tribal governments and state and federal agencies as we undertake this analysis.Citation
U.S. EPA. An Assessment of Potential Mining Impacts on Salmon Ecosystems of Bristol Bay, Alaska (Final Report). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, EPA/910/R-14/001, 2014.History/Chronology
| Date | Description |
|---|---|
| 04- Feb 2011 | EPA launches the Bristol Bay Assessment. |
| 05- Aug 2011 | Draft assessment approach and conceptual models presented to Intergovernmental Technical Team. |
| 06- Feb 2012 | EPA invited the public to nominate qualified experts to be considered for the external peer review panel. [Federal Register Notice Feb 24, 2012] and [Federal Register Notice Mar 8, 2012] |
| 08- May 2012 | On May 18, EPA announced the release of the draft report, An Assessment of Potential Mining Impacts on Salmon Ecosystems of Bristol Bay, Alaska, (EPA 910-R-12-004a-d) for public review and comment. [Federal Register May 25, 2012] [EPA Press Release May 18, 2012] |
| 09- Jun 2012 | EPA announced 12 independent peer reviewers to review the draft Bristol Bay Assessment. In addition, EPA released the draft charge questions to help guide peer review of the assessment. The public had an opportunity to comment on these draft charge questions during a public comment period, which began on June 5 and ended on June 26, 2012. [Federal Register Notice Jun 5, 2012] |
| 11- Jul 2012 | EPA announced the external peer review meeting for the review the draft report that would be open to the public. [Federal Register Notice Jul 6, 2012] |
| 12- Aug 2012 | EPA's peer review contractor convened the 12 peer reviewers for an independent expert external peer review meeting on August 7-9, 2012 in Anchorage, Alaska, to review the draft report entitled An Assessment of Potential Mining Impacts on Salmon Ecosystems of Bristol Bay, Alaska. |
| 13- Nov 2012 | EPA released the final peer review report from the independent expert external peer review of the draft assessment. |
| 15- Apr 2013 | EPA released the second external review draft of An Assessment of Potential Mining Impacts on Salmon Ecosystems of Bristol Bay, Alaska (EPA 910-R-12-004Ba-c) for public review and comment. [Federal Register Notice Apr 30, 2013] |
| 16- May 2013 | EPA extended the public comment period for the revised Bristol Bay Assessment an additional 30 days, to end on June 30, 2013. [Federal Register Notice Jun 6, 2013] |
| 17- Jan 2014 | On January 15, 2014, EPA released the final report entitled An Assessment of Potential Mining Impacts on Salmon Ecosystems of Bristol Bay, Alaska (EPA 910-R-14-001A-C,ES) and EPA's Response to Peer Review Comments document. [Federal Register Notice Jan 21, 2014] |
| 19- Jan 2014 | EPA released two new documents related to the peer review of the Bristol Bay Assessment (BBA). The first document, EPA's Response to Peer Review Comments On the May 2012 and April 2013 Drafts, presents an overview of the BBA's peer review process; all of the peer reviewers' comments on both the May 2012 and April 2013 drafts of the assessment; and EPA's responses to the peer reviewers' comments. The second document, Peer Review Follow-on Comments on the April 2013 Draft Bristol Bay Assessment, presents the follow-on reviews EPA received from the 12 independent expert peer reviewers. These follow-on reviews address whether each reviewer felt the April 2013 draft of the BBA was responsive to their comments on the May 2012 draft. |
| 20- Mar 2014 | EPA released two new documents related to comments received from the public on the review of the Bristol Bay Assessment (BBA). The first document, EPA's Response to Public Comments document (Apr 2013 BBA Draft), presents EPA's response on the public comments from the April 2013 draft, the second document contains the comments received from the May 2012 draft of the assessment. |
Additional Information
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This document has been reviewed in accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
- Executive Summary of the Final Report, An Assessment of Potential Mining Impacts on Salmon Ecosystems of Bristol Bay, Alaska (PDF) (36 pp, 3.6 MB, about PDF)
- Volume 1: An Assessment of Potential Mining Impacts on Salmon Ecosystems of Bristol Bay, Alaska (PDF) (630 pp, 27.9 MB, about PDF)
- Vol 1: Front Matter (PDF) (31 pp, 341.8 KB, about PDF)
- Vol 1: Executive Summary (PDF) (30 pp, 2.5 MB, about PDF)
- Vol 1: Chapter 1: Introduction (PDF) (8 pp, 507.8 KB, about PDF)
- Vol 1: Chapter 2: Overview of Assessment (PDF) (15 pp, 1.9 MB, about PDF)
- Vol 1: Chapter 3: Region (PDF) (42 pp, 4.8 MB, about PDF)
- Vol 1: Chapter 4: Type of Development (PDF) (20 pp, 1.2 MB, about PDF)
- Vol 1: Chapter 5: Endpoints (PDF) (43 pp, 2.9 MB, about PDF)
- Vol 1: Chapter 6: Mine Scenarios (PDF) (45 pp, 3.8 MB, about PDF)
- Vol 1: Chapter 7: Mine Footprint (PDF) (62 pp, 4.8 MB, about PDF)
- Vol 1: Chapter 8: Water Collection, Treatment, and Discharge (PDF) (61 pp, 1.3 MB, about PDF)
- Vol 1: Chapter 9: Tailings Dam Failure (PDF) (46 pp, 1.1 MB, about PDF)
- Vol 1: Chapter 10: Transportation Corridor (PDF) (46 pp, 2.1 MB, about PDF)
- Vol 1: Chapter 11: Pipeline Failures (PDF) (32 pp, 861.3 KB, about PDF)
- Vol 1: Chapter 12: Fish-Mediated Effects (PDF) (18 pp, 825.2 KB, about PDF)
- Vol 1: Chapter 14: Integrated Risk Characterization (PDF) (20 pp, 577.1 KB, about PDF)
- Vol 1: Chapter 15: References (PDF) (74 pp, 1.0 MB, about PDF)
- Volume 2: An Assessment of Potential Mining Impacts on Salmon Ecosystems of Bristol Bay, Alaska, Appendices: A -- D (PDF) (315 pp, 8.9 MB, about PDF)
- Vol 2, Appendix A: Fishery Resources of the Bristol Bay Region (PDF) (79 pp, 3.5 MB, about PDF)
- Vol 2, Appendix B: Non-Salmon Freshwater Fishes of the Nushagak and Kvichak River Drainages (PDF) (75 pp, 470.7 KB, about PDF)
- Vol 2, Appendix C: Wildlife Resources of the Nushagak and Kvichak River Watersheds, Alaska (PDF) (1 pp, 24.4 KB, about PDF)
- Vol 2, Appendix D: Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Characterization of the Indigenous Cultures of the Nushagak and Kvichak Watersheds, Alaska (PDF) (156 pp, 4.7 MB, about PDF)
- Volume 3: An Assessment of Potential Mining Impacts on Salmon Ecosystems of Bristol Bay, Alaska, Appendices E -- J (PDF) (426 pp, 9.0 MB, about PDF)
- Vol 3, Appendix E: Bristol Bay Wild Salmon Ecosystem: Baseline Levels of Economic Activity and Values (PDF) (225 pp, 3.7 MB, about PDF)
- Vol 3, Appendix F: Biological Characterization: Bristol Bay Marine Estuarine Processes, Fish and Marine Mammal Assemblages (PDF) (60 pp, 1.1 MB, about PDF)
- Vol 3, Appendix G: Foreseeable Environmental Impact of Potential Road and Pipeline Development on Water Quality and Freshwater Fishery Resources of Bristol Bay, Alaska (PDF) (51 pp, 2.7 MB, about PDF)
- Vol 3, Appendix H: Geologic and Environmental Characteristics of Porphyry Copper Deposits with Emphasis on Potential Future Development in the Bristol Bay Watershed, Alaska (PDF) (35 pp, 703.1 KB, about PDF)
- Vol 3, Appendix I: Conventional Water Quality Mitigation Practices for Mine Design, Construction, Operation, and Closure (PDF) (26 pp, 243.2 KB, about PDF)
- Vol 3, Appendix J: Compensatory Mitigation and Large-Scale Hardrock Mining in the Bristol Bay Watershed (PDF) (57 pp, 769.5 KB, about PDF)