Integrated Science Assessment (ISA) for Lead (Final Report)
EPA announced the availability of the final report, Integrated Science Assessment ISA for Lead Pb. This document represents a concise synthesis and evaluation of the most policy-relevant science and will provide the scientific basis for EPA’s review of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for Pb.
Impact/Purpose
Lead is one of six principal (or “criteria”) pollutants for which EPA has established NAAQS. EPA periodically reviews the scientific basis for these standards by preparing an ISA. The external review draft of the Pb ISA was reviewed by the Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (CASAC), an independent science advisory committee mandated by Section 109 (d) (2) of the Clean Air Act (CAA). The 2024 final Pb ISA represents the Agency’s latest evaluation of the scientific literature on relationships between air-related Pb exposure and health and welfare effects.Citation
U.S. EPA. Integrated Science Assessment (ISA) for Lead (Final Report). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, EPA/600/R‑23/375, 2024.History/Chronology
| Date | Description |
|---|---|
| 01- Jul 2020 | EPA announced a call for scientific research studies and data to assist EPA in developing and refining the scientific information base for the review of the Pb National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). [Federal Register July 7, 2020] |
| 02- Apr 2022 | The CASAC Lead Review Panel held a public meeting to provide a consultation on EPA's Integrated Review Plan for the Lead National Ambient Air Quality Standards (IRP). Volume 2: Planning for the Review and the Integrated Science Assessment. [Federal Register March 21, 2022] |
| 03- May 2022 | EPA held a series of webinar workshops to obtain input on preliminary draft materials for the Pb ISA on May 26, June 7, June 22, and June 29, 2022. [Federal Register May 6, 2022] |
| 04- Mar 2023 | EPA released the document Integrated Science Assessment for Lead (External Review Draft, 2023) for public review and comment. [Federal Register March 31, 2023] |
| 05- Jan 2024 | EPA released the Integrated Science Assessment for Lead (Final Report). [Federal Register Notice February 7, 2024] |
Download(s)
This document has been reviewed in accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
- Integrated Science Assessment for Lead (EPA/600/R-23/375) (PDF) (155 pp, 3.1 MB, about PDF)
- Appendix 1. Source to Concentration (PDF) (102 pp, 2.3 MB, about PDF)
- Appendix 2. Exposure, Toxicokinetics, and Biomarkers (PDF) (168 pp, 2.4 MB, about PDF)
- Appendix 3. Nervous System Effects (PDF) (551 pp, 5.7 MB, about PDF)
- Appendix 4. Cardiovascular Effects (PDF) (172 pp, 3.2 MB, about PDF)
- Appendix 5. Renal Effects (PDF) (89 pp, 1.7 MB, about PDF)
- Appendix 6. Immune Effects (PDF) (91 pp, 1.5 MB, about PDF)
- Appendix 7. Hematological Effects (PDF) (44 pp, 1.2 MB, about PDF)
- Appendix 8. Reproductive and Developmental Effects (PDF) (268 pp, 2.5 MB, about PDF)
- Appendix 9. Effects on Other Organ Systems and Mortality (PDF) (168 pp, 2.0 MB, about PDF)
- Appendix 10. Cancer (PDF) (54 pp, 976.6 KB, about PDF)
- Appendix 11. Ecological Effects (PDF) (249 pp, 4.8 MB, about PDF)
- Appendix 12. ISA Process (PDF) (43 pp, 1.0 MB, about PDF)