Application of Recursive Estimation to Heat Tracing for Groundwater/Surface-Water Exchange
We present and demonstrate a recursive-estimation framework to infer groundwater/surface-water exchange based on temperature time series collected at different vertical depths below the sediment/water interface. We formulate the heat-transport problem as a state-space model (SSM), in which the spatial derivatives in the convection/conduction equation are approximated using finite differences. The SSM is calibrated to estimate time-varying specific discharge using the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and Extended Rauch-Tung-Striebel Smoother (ERTSS). Whereas the EKF is suited to real-time (“online”) applications and uses only past and current measurements for estimation (filtering), the ERTSS is intended for offline applications and uses all available data for batch estimation (smoothing). The two algorithms are demonstrated with synthetic and field-experimental data and shown to be efficient and rapid for estimation of time-varying flux over seasonal periods; further, the recursive approaches are effective in the presence of rapidly changing flux and (or) non-periodic thermal boundary conditions, both of which are problematic for existing approaches to heat tracing of time-varying groundwater/surface-water exchange.