Using hydrologic landscape classification and climatic time series to assess hydrologic vulnerability of the Western U.S. to climate

We apply the hydrologic landscapes (HL) concept to assess the hydrologic vulnerability of the western United States (U.S.) to projected climate conditions. Our goal is to understand the potential impacts for stakeholder-defined interests across large geographic areas. The basic assumption of the HL approach is that catchments that share similar physical and climatic characteristics are expected to have similar hydrologic characteristics. We map climate vulnerability by integrating the HL approach into a retrospective analysis of historical data to assess variability in future climate projections and hydrology, which includes temperature, precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, snow accumulation, climatic moisture, surplus water, and seasonality of water surplus. Projections that are not within two-standard deviations of the historical decadal average contribute to the vulnerability index for each metric. This allows stakeholders and/or water resource managers to understand the potential impacts of future conditions. In this paper, we present example assessments of hydrologic vulnerability of specific geographic locations (Sonoma Valley, Willamette Valley, and Mount Hood) that are important to the ski and wine industries to illustrate how our approach might be used by specific stakeholders. The resulting vulnerability maps show that temperature and potential evapotranspiration are consistently projected to have high vulnerability indices for the western U.S. Precipitation vulnerability is not as spatially-uniform as temperature. The highest elevation areas with snow are projected to experience significant changes in snow accumulation. The seasonality vulnerability map shows that specific mountainous areas in the West are most prone to changes in seasonality, whereas many transitional terrains are moderately susceptible. This paper illustrates how the HL approach can help assess climatic and hydrologic vulnerability across large spatial scales. By combining the HL concept and climate vulnerability analyses, we provide a planning approach that could allow resource managers to consider how future climate conditions may impact important economic and conservation resources.

Impact/Purpose

The study of hydrologic landscapes (HLs) is an active area of research on regional and national scales in the United States. EPA’s Western Ecology Division has expanded a framework for defining areas of the landscape that are hypothesized to have similar hydrologic responses. The concept has been used to make spatially distributed assessments of variability in streamflow and climatic response in Oregon, Alaska, and the Pacific Northwest (PNW), and is currently being applied to the Southwestern U.S (SW). In our research, we are analyzing historic climate models and future climate projections to assess how changes in climate affect hydrologic processes and their associated impacts (e.g., water resource availability, ecological impacts, etc.) across the PNW and the SW. The HL classification process analyzes the primary drivers (climate, seasonality, subsurface permeability, terrain, and surface permeability) that are associated with large scale hydrologic processes (storage, conveyance, and flow of water into or out of the watershed). In this paper, we map climate vulnerability by integrating the HL approach into a retrospective analysis of historical data to assess variability in future climate projections and hydrology, which includes temperature, precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, snow accumulation, climatic moisture, surplus water, and seasonality of the water surplus. Projections that are not within two-standard deviations of the historical decadal average contribute to the vulnerability index for each metric. This allows stakeholders and/or water resource managers to understand the potential impacts of future conditions. This paper illustrates how the HL approach can help assess climatic and hydrologic vulnerability across large spatial scales. By combining the HL concept and climate vulnerability analyses, we provide a planning approach that allows resource managers to consider how future climate conditions may impact important economic and conservation resources. We provide two examples of industries where this information could be applied: the ski and wine industries. This work helps address the issue of vulnerability of hydrologic landscapes and streamflow to climate change under ACE Task MA-1 249 by expanding the hydrologic landscape mapping to the southwest.

Citation

Jones, Jr, C., S. Leibowitz, K. Sawicz, R. Comeleo, L. Stratton, P. Morefield, AND Christopher Weaver. Using hydrologic landscape classification and climatic time series to assess hydrologic vulnerability of the Western U.S. to climate. EGS, 25(6):3179-3206, (2021). [DOI: 10.5194/hess-25-3179-2021]

DOI: Using hydrologic landscape classification and climatic time series to assess hydrologic vulnerability of the Western U.S. to climate