Intratracheal instillation of respirable particulate matter elicits neuroendocrine activation
Objective: Inhalation of ozone activates central sympathetic-adrenal-medullary and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress axes. While airway neural networks are known to communicate noxious stimuli to higher brain centers, it is not known to what extent responses generated from pulmonary airways contribute to neuroendocrine activation. Materials and Methods: Unlike inhalational exposures that involve the entire respiratory tract, we employed intratracheal (IT) instillations to expose only pulmonary airways to either soluble metal-rich residual oil fly ash (ROFA) or compressor-generated diesel exhaust particles (C-DEP). Male Wistar–Kyoto rats (12–13 weeks) were IT instilled with either saline, C-DEP or ROFA (5 mg/kg) and necropsied at 4 or 24 hr to assess temporal effects. Results: IT-instillation of particulate matter (PM) induced hyperglycemia as early as 30-min and glucose intolerance when measured at 2 hr post-exposure. We observed PM- and time-specific effects on markers of pulmonary injury/inflammation (ROFA>C-DEP; 24 hr>4hr) as corroborated by increases in lavage fluid injury markers, neutrophils (ROFA>C-DEP), and lymphocytes (ROFA). Increases in lavage fluid pro-inflammatory cytokines differed between C-DEP and ROFA in that C-DEP caused larger increases in TNF-α whereas ROFA caused larger increases in IL-6. No increases in circulating cytokines occurred. At 4 hr, PM impacts on neuroendocrine activation were observed through depletion of circulating leukocytes, increases in adrenaline (ROFA), and decreases in thyroid-stimulating-hormone, T3, prolactin, luteinizing-hormone, and testosterone. C-DEP and ROFA both increased lung expression of genes involved in acute stress and inflammatory processes. Moreover, small increases occurred in hypothalamic Fkbp5, a glucocorticoid-sensitive gene. Conclusion: Respiratory alterations differed between C-DEP and ROFA, with ROFA inducing greater overall lung injury/inflammation; however, both PM induced a similar degree of neuroendocrine activation. These findings demonstrate neuroendocrine activation after pulmonary-only PM exposure, and suggest the involvement of pituitary- and adrenal-derived hormones.