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Methods and Dataset for Anatoxin-a and Metabolite Quantification in Mouse Gastric Contents After Oral Dosing with Anatoxin-a

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Harmful algal blooms are occur frequently in fresh and marine waters. Anatoxin-a (ATX) is a neurotoxin produced by cyanobacteria mainly in freshwater. Human health guidelines are limited by a scarcity of toxicological data although it has caused illness in humans, and illness and death in pets, livestock, and wildlife. This subproduct contains methods and a dataset for quantifying ATX and its metabolites in the gastric contents of mice after a known dose and a known amount of time after oral dosing. The doses of ATX range from 2 to 7.5 mg/kg and the time after dosing ranges from 3 minutes to 26.5 hours. Quantities of ATX and it primary metabolic byproduct, dihydroanatoxin-a (dhATX), can be tracked over time in the stomach contents. This information can augment the pharmacokinetic dataset "Anatoxin levels in mouse tissues after a single exposure and collected at various timepoints" on Data.gov (DOI: 10.23719/1532296). This information may be helpful when assessing exposure in other species. After exposure to bloom material containing ATX, animals will often vomit. Comparison of the measurement of ATX and dhATX in the vomitus to the known times and doses in this dataset could help estimate the animal's exposure dynamics. This could also be used post-mortem to aid determining the cause of death.

Impact/Purpose

This subproduct contains methods and a dataset for quantifying anatoxin-a (ATX) and its metabolites in the gastric contents of mice after a known dose and a known amount of time after dosing. The doses of ATX range from 2 to 7.5 mg/kg and the time after dosing ranges from 3 minutes to 26.5 hours. Quantities of ATX and it primary metabolic byproduct, dihydroanatoxin-a (dhATX), can be tracked over time in the stomach contents. This information can augment the pharmacokinetic dataset "Anatoxin levels in mouse tissues after a single exposure and collected at various timepoints" on Data.gov (DOI: 10.23719/1532296). This information may be helpful when assessing exposure in other species. After exposure to bloom material containing anatoxin-a, animals will often vomit. Comparison of the measurement of ATX and dhATX in the vomitus to the known times and doses in this dataset could help estimate the animal's exposure dynamics. This could also be used post-mortem to aid determining the cause of death.

Citation

Jenkins-Hill, D. Methods and Dataset for Anatoxin-a and Metabolite Quantification in Mouse Gastric Contents After Oral Dosing with Anatoxin-a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 2026. [DOI: 10.23719/d-nxfq]

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DOI: Methods and Dataset for Anatoxin-a and Metabolite Quantification in Mouse Gastric Contents After Oral Dosing with Anatoxin-a
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Last updated on June 08, 2026
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